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C.I. ANATOMO-FISIOLOGIA E BIOCHIMICA

Teaching Staff

SALVATORE GIUNTA - Module ANATOMIA UMANA - BIO/16 - 3 CFU
MARIA STELLA CARMELA VALLE - Module FISIOLOGIA - BIO/09 - 3 CFU
GABRIELLA LUPO - Module Biochemistry - BIO/10 - 3 CFU

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Learning Objectives

• ANATOMIA UMANA
  

  The course aims to provide to student the knowledge of the anatomy of the human visual apparatus necessary for the study of subsequent teachings in the medical area.

• FISIOLOGIA
  

  The course of Physiology aims to provide students with the information on the functioning of the human nervous systems. It will provide the foundation for understanding the functioning of living beings focusing on the structure-function relationships, their dynamic integration and the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions.

• Biochemistry
  

  After completing this module the student will learn the general knowledge on the molecular basis of life, the fundamental chemical properties of the substances, the structure and function of macromolecules involved in staying alive, both at the cellular and extracellular levels, and the metabolic transformations of biomolecules

Course Structure

• FISIOLOGIA
  

  Frontal lessons. Should teaching be carried out in mixed mode or remotely, it may be necessary to introduce changes with respect to previous statements, in line with the programme planned and outlined in the syllabus.

• Biochemistry
  

  Traditional lectures.

  Should teaching be carried out in mixed mode or remotely, it may be necessary to introduce changes with respect to previous statements, in line with the programme planned and outlined in the syllabus.

  Learning assessment may also be carried out on line, should the conditions require it.

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Detailed Course Content

• ANATOMIA UMANA
  

  General organization of the human body: cells, tissues, organs, systems and systems.

  Integumentary system: notes on skin and skin appendages.

  Cardiovascular system: heart, vessels and circulation.

  Lymphatic system: lymph, lymphoid organisms, vessels and lymphatic circulation.

  Respiratory system: airways and lungs.

  Digestive system: alimentary canal and attached glands (salivary glands, liver and pancreas).

  Urinary system: kidneys and urinary tract.

  Endocrine system: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas.

  Male genital apparatus: testes, spermatic pathways and external genitalia.

  Female genital apparatus: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and external genitalia.

  Locomotor system: axial and appendicular skeleton.

  Nervous system: nervous tissue, spinal cord, brain, diencephalon, encephalic trunk, cerebellum; peripheral nervous system.

  Sense organs: Notes on the organs of taste, smell, auditory and vestibular apparatus.

  Visual system: embryology of the eye and the appendages, anatomy of the eyeball and the annexes; external and intrinsic musculature of the eye; eye cycles

• FISIOLOGIA
  

  Sensory Coding
  The Somatosensory System: Receptors and Central Pathways
  Touch

  Pain

  The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing

  Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina

  The Inner Ear

  The Auditory Central Nervous System

  The Organization and Planning of Movement

  Striated muscle
  The Motor Unit and Muscle Action
  Spinal Reflexes

  The Control of Gaze

  The Vestibular System
  Posture
  The Cerebellum
  The Basal Ganglia

• Biochemistry
  

  1) Amino acids: structure, function, physical and chemical characteristics and their classification.

  2) Peptides: Characteristics of the peptide bond; examples of peptides of significant biological interest. Levels of structural organization and supramolecular protein. Levels of structural organization and supermolecular of nucleic acids. Chromoproteins transporter of oxygen: myoglobin and hemoglobin; structural and functional differences; factors that affect the binding of hemoglobin to oxygen; behavior allosterismo hemoglobin; role of hemoglobin in the transport of carbon dioxide; buffering action of hemoglobin; physiological and pathological forms of hemoglobin variants.

  3) General properties and characteristics of enzymes; Classification and nomenclature of enzymes, isoenzymes, complex multi-enzyme; enzyme kinetics, affinity and activity: the Michaelis-Menten constant, maximum speed and their implications; graph of the double reciprocal for the calculation of KM; enzyme inhibitors (reversible and irreversible, competitive, non-competitive and incompetivi; methods to recognize the type of inhibition). Regulation of enzyme activity; Allosteric enzymes;

  4) Vitamins, coenzymes and their role in metabolism (cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, Ca⁺⁺) and their synthesis, action and degradation.

  5) The mitochondrial respiratory chain and its regulation, inhibitors and uncoupling; Energy-rich compounds.

  6) Structural and functional characteristics of the different types of receptors for hormones and growth factors receptors (7-transmembrane helices, with the tyrosine kinase activity, receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone receptors); signal transduction pathways (protein Gs, Gi and Gq; intracellular second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, Ca ++) and their mode of synthesis, action and degradation.

  7) Metabolism: catabolism and anabolism. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

  8) Glucose metabolism: glucose transporters; glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; citric acid cycle.

  9) Lipid metabolism: lipogenesis and lipolysis; ketogenesis; plasma lipoproteins.

  10) Metabolism of amino acids: transamination and deamination; urea synthesis.

  11) Control of blood glucose: hormones (insulin, glucagon and epinephrine).

  12) Muscle metabolism during physical exercise: the protein composition of muscle cell. Energetic mechanisms in physical exercise: oxidative catabolism, anaerobic glycolysis, high-energy phosphates. The Phosphocreatine. The myokinase and the role of the AMP. Biochemical characteristics of muscle fibers. Prolonged aerobic exercise of mild to moderate intensity. Exercise of short duration high intensity. Metabolism of lactate: lactate transporters, aerobic oxidation of lactate, Cori cycle. Cardiac metabolism and exercise.

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Textbook Information

• ANATOMIA UMANA
  

  1) Anatomia umana. Fondamenti. Con istituzioni di istologia di Giorgio Barbatelli et al.
  2) Frederic H. Martini et al. - ANATOMIA UMANA – Edises.
  3) L.Cattaneo – COMPENDIO DI ANATOMIA UMANA – Monduzzi

  Atlas:
  Sobotta – Atlante Anatomia descrittiva
  Netter – Atlante di Anatomia Umana

• FISIOLOGIA
  

  1) Silverthorn. Fisiologia. Un approccio integrato. Pearson.

  2) Purves-Augustine-Fitzpatrick-Hall-LaMantia-McNamara-White: Neuroscienze. Zanichelli.

• Biochemistry
  
  1. Introduzione alla Biochimica di Lehninger – D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox – ZANICHELLI
  2. Biochimica medica – Siliprandi, Tettamanti – PICCIN

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