Apprendere i concetti, le problematiche fisiche e le principali metodologie sperimentali e di analisi nel campo della fisica nucleare di alta energia
In riferimento ai cosiddetti Descrittori di Dublino, questo corso contribuisce a acquisire le seguenti competenze trasversali:
Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione:
Capacità di applicare conoscenza:
Autonomia di giudizio:
Abilità comunicative:
Nel corso si utilizzeranno diverse modalità di insegnamento:
1) Lezioni in aula
2) Esercitazioni numeriche in aula
3) Sessioni di analisi dati e di simulazione
Le attività si svolgeranno in lingua inglese.
Corsi introduttivi di Fisica Nucleare
Conoscenze di statistica ed elaborazione dei dati sperimentali
Conoscenze informatiche di base
Conoscenze del framework di analisi ROOT
La frequenza è obbligatoria.
Qualora l'insegnamento venisse impartito in modalità mista o a distanza potranno essere introdotte le necessarie variazioni rispetto a quanto dichiarato in precedenza, al fine di rispettare il programma previsto e riportato nel Syllabus.
I contenuti del Corso sono i seguenti:
Introduction
Energetic regimes for nuclear collisions – Basic phenomenology for heavy ion nuclear collisions – The present status of the experimental facilities in high energy nuclear physics
Reconstruction of collision events
Kinematics of a nuclear collision – The low energy and light particle case – Three-body processes – Multibody collisions – Study of the final state – Kinematical variables in high energy nuclear and particle physics – Rapidity, pseudorapidity, transverse momentum and transverse mass – Transformation of variables – Kinematical acceptance - Reconstruction of decaying particles – Dalitz plots - Invariant mass spectra and identification of decaying particles – Armenteros-Podolanski plot - Background evaluation – Methods and algorithms for background subtraction in high multiplicity events - Event mixing techniques, track rotation, like-sign methods – Event generators for pp and heavy ion collisions – Use of event generators in nuclear physics - Event characterization – Centrality of collision events – Reaction plane and its determination.
High-energy nucleon-nucleon collisions
Basic phenomenology of Nucleon-Nucleon collisions – Particle production – Inclusive experimental distributions – Hard and soft processes – Event generators for nucleon-nucleon collisions – Examples from PYTHIA event generator
Heavy ion collisions from intermediate to relativistic energy
Particle multiplicity – Energy density – Excitation energy – Central and peripheral collisions – Global variables - Event centrality determination – Nuclear matter at high density – Multifragmentation – Inclusive and exclusive experiments – Collective flow – Reaction plane – Subthreshold particle production – Phase transitions at intermediate energy – Particle production from intermediate to relativistic energies – Distributions and relative abundances – Rapidity and transverse momentum distributions – Pion and kaon production – Strangeness production
Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions
Nuclear stopping – Energy density – Bjorken estimate – Geometrical description of nuclear collisions – Glauber model – Particle production – Collective effects – Hard probes – Jet quenching – Simulation of high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions – Event generators for heavy ion collisions – Examples from HIJING event generator
Hadronic matter and quark-gluon-plasma
QCD and QGP – The problem of quark deconfinement – Chiral symmetry – Quark matter – Search for experimental evidence of quark matter – Astrophysical aspects – Neutron stars – Strangelets – Connections to cosmic ray physics
Signatures of QGP in heavy ion collisions
Dilepton production – Drell-Yann processes – J/Psi suppression – Strangeness production – Multistrange hyperons – Direct photon emission – Intensity interferometry and space-time size of nuclear sources – Event-by-event physics – Correlations and fluctuations
Recent results from high energy nuclear physics
Review of recent results at RHIC and LHC – Main results and perspectives – The upgrade of the LHC experiments and the future at LHC
Particle detectors in high energy nuclear physics
General properties of particle detectors: operating strategies, signal information, calibration, energy, space and time resolution – Geometrical acceptance – Detector efficiency – Simulation techniques for the evaluation of acceptance and efficiency - Recent developments in gas detectors – Drift chambers – Time Projection Chambers - Multigap resistive plate chambers – Development of silicon detectors – Microstrip detectors – Silicon drift detectors – Hybrid and monolithic pixel detectors – Silicon vertex detectors – Radiation damage in silicon detectors – Cerenkov Ring Detectors – Electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters – Transition radiation Detectors
Data reconstruction and analysis in high energy nuclear physics
Analysis sessions of experimental data from LHC experiments
Track multiplicity distribution - Inclusive single particle spectra – Transverse momentum and pseudorapidity spectra – Quality of tracks and track selection – Particle identification – Identified particle spectra – V0 selection – Invariant mass analysis – Reconstruction of K0s from pion pairs – Reconstruction of Λ and its antiparticle – Armenteros plot
1) C.Wong, Introduction to Heavy Ion collisions, World Scientific.
2) R.Vogt, Ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, Elsevier.
3) G.F.Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurements, Wiley.
Ulteriori referenze bibliografiche su argomenti specifici saranno forniti durante il Corso.
Tutto il materiale didattico è reperibile su Teams e nel seguente sito Web:
lab3ct.altervista.org
Argomenti | Riferimenti testi | |
1 | Reconstruction of collision events | 1 |
2 | High-energy nucleon-nucleon collisions | 1,2 |
3 | Heavy ion collisions from intermediate to relativistic energy | 1,2 |
4 | Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions | 2 |
5 | Hadronic matter and quark-gluon-plasma | 1 |
6 | Signatures of QGP in heavy ion collisions | 1 |
7 | Recent results from high energy nuclear physics | 1,2 |
8 | Particle detectors in high energy nuclear physics | 3 |
9 | Methods for data analysis | Specialized papers |
Presentation of a written Report describing the personal activities of analysis or simulations based on the topics discussed within the Course. Oral discussion of the results and the topics of the Course.
Exams may take place online, depending on circumstances.
The evaluation of the exam will be based on the correctness, completeness, quantitativeness and originality of the analysis carried out, on the understanding of the topics and on the capability to correct communicate the problems and the results.
Production of particles in a nuclear collisions - Evolution of multiplicity with the energetic regime - SIgnatures of Quark Gluon Plasma formation - Connection between high energy nuclear physics and cosmic ray physics - Detectors for high energy nuclear physics - Simulation techniques for particle detectors -