FISIOLOGIA I - channel 1

BIO/09 - 9 CFU - 2° Semester

Teaching Staff

VINCENZO PERCIAVALLE


Learning Objectives

To learn about the functioning of the human body organs and systems responsible for vegetative life



Detailed Course Content

Urinary system
- The functional unit of the kidney: the nephron. differences between cortical nephrons and juxtamidollar nephrons. The renal vasal bed. Functions of the nephron: glomerular ultrafiltration, effective filtration pressure, characteristics of the ultrafiltered, resistances opposed to the flow of the ultrafiltered liquid or tubular liquid. Quantitative assessment of the volume of ultrafiltered liquid: inulin clearance and urea clearance.
Mechanisms capable of modifying the volume of the ultrafiltrate. Concept of filtered load and its functional meaning.
- The resorption process (mandatory) at the proximal tubule level.
Active and passive transport; substances subject to this type of transport. The concept of renal threshold and maximum transport threshold. The reabsorption of glucose and the appearance of glycosuria. The optional reabsorption at the distal tubule level.
Action of aldosterone.
- The concentration of urine by means of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism: a function of the Henle loop. Counter-current exchange: function of the vasa recta. Vasopressin action.
- Tubular secretion: secretion of hydrogenions, potassium and ammonium ion.
Acidification of urine.
- Renal circulation: extrinsic control of renal circulation. Renal autoregulation of blood flow in relation to systemic blood pressure.
Renal factors affecting systemic blood pressure. Endocrine functions of the kidney.
- Applied renal physiology: renal function tests: the concept of clearance and its application to the control of glomerular, tubular and vascular bed function. Meaning of glucose load and water load; osmotic diuresis and water diuresis. The role of the kidney in the regulation of the volume composition of organic liquids. Liquid deficiencies: dehydration and general consequences of dehydration. Excess of liquids: water intoxication, edema. Renal contributions to the regulation of acid-base balance; alkalosis and acidosis.
- Physiology of the urinary bladder: filling and emptying. Action of the nervous system. The paralytic bladder. The cystogram.


Blood and lymph
- Blood composition: corpuscular part and liquid part. Hematocrit. Erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. Life and destruction of erythrocytes. Globular resistance and hemolysis. Respiratory functions of red blood cells. Affinity of hemoglobin for respiratory gases. Assumption and sale of O2 by hemoglobin.
- Functions of leukocytes: their distribution and leukocyte formula. Platelet functions. Blood as a factor in regulation and balance of temperature.
- The lymphatic system: the lymphatic stations composition and function of the lymph. The hemato-tissue barrier.

Cardiovascular system
- Structure and function of arterial vessels. Characteristics of the arterial bed. Nerve, endocrine and paracrine regulation of arterioles.
- The capillary bed. General information on the capillary bed; types of capillary endothelium. Transcapillary exchange: diffusion, filtration, absorption and micropinocytosis. Microcirculation.
- The venous bed. Distensibility of the veins. Posture and veins. Venous return to the heart. Phlebogram and its characteristics. Venous pressure and its variations, the jugular pulse.
- Functions of the heart. Electrophysiology of the heart muscle. Excitability of the myocardium. Cardiac automation. The Stannius binding. Heart starters. Law of "all or nothing". Refractory periods. Effects of activation of extrinsic innervation of the heart on the properties of the myocardium. The chemical mediators of the heart. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Valve movements and pressure changes in the atria and ventricles during the cardiac cycle phases. Duration of the phases of the cardiac cycle and limits of its variation. Cardiac output. Starling's Heart Law. The work of the heart. Cardiac metabolism and oxygen consumption. Laplace law applied to the heart. Heart rate and its regulation. Flutter, fibrillation and extrasystole. Nervous control of the cardiovascular system. Bulbar centers. Hypothalamic centers. Reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac, vascular and extravascular mechanoceptors.
Systemic arterial chemoreceptors. Cortico-hypothalamic influences on the cardiovascular system.
- Humoral control of the cardiovascular system. Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. Bradykinin. Catecholamines and dopamine. Serotonin.
- Special vascular circuits. District division of cardiac output. Circle time. Coronary, cerebral, cutaneous, muscular, hepatosplancnic, pulmonary, renal, splenic, fetal circulation.
- Lymphatic flow.
- Cardiorespiratory function tests. Determination of systemic arterial pressure. Cardiac tones: auscultation sites and features of cardiac tones. Cardiac catheterization: principles of application of this exploratory method. Determination of cardiac output and most commonly used methods. Determination of cardiac work. Electrocardiography: Einthoven's triangle, mono- and bipolar derivations, precordial derivations. Standard electrocardiographic conventions, analysis of the most common patterns, determination of the heart axis and its functional significance. Vectorcardiogram. Echocardiogram.

Respiratory System
Aspects of general and comparative physiology of respiration. Upper airways. Nasal and tracheobronchial purification.
- Respiratory mechanics. General consideration. Upper airway functions. Mechanical respiratory processes in eupnea: costal and diaphragmatic components. Breathing accessories muscles. Intrapleural depression. Pneumothorax. Physiological importance of pulmonary substances with action on surface tension (surfactants) and elastic return of the lung and rib cage. The pulmonary and thoracic complications. Work of breathing the airways. Pulmonary hysteresis.
- Respiratory activity and its nervous regulation. Respiratory centers and their functional significance. Respiratory function of the vagus. Respiratory reflexes and tensioceptors with slow adaptation and rapid adaptation. Volumes and lung capacity. Alveolar ventilation. Pulmonary gaseous exchanges.
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Hemoglobin and its combination with oxygen or carbon dioxide. Transport of O2 and CO2 in the organism. Transport kinetics. Myoglobin. The normal reaction of the blood: buffer actions, the relationship between CO2 and pH, functional significance of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, O2 and blood CO2 dissociation curves.
- Chemical regulation of respiration. Hydrogenionic concentration and respiration. Deficiency of oxygen. Aortic and carotid chemoreceptors. Types of anoxia. Cyanosis. Effects of voluntary hyperpnea. Effects of excess oxygen. Voluntary apnea. Emorespiratory changes during physical activity.
- Lung metabolism. Biotransformations of circulating or inhaled substances. Biotransformations of hormones and mediators. Pulmonary metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- Respiratory function tests. Spirometry. Determination of dead space. Methods for taking samples of alveolar air. Techniques for performing artificial respiration. Determination of the respiratory quotient. Basal metabolism. Notions of physiopathology of the respiratory system. Dyspnea and its characteristics.

Digestive system, metabolism and nutrition
- Digestive canal. Chewing. Salivary secretion. Composition and function of saliva. Conditioned reflexes. Swallowing. Gastric filling. Stomach movements. Gastric secretion. Nervous and humoral regulation of gastric secretion. Pancreatic secretion. Secretin and pancreozimine. Pancreatic juice. Secretion of the small intestine and colon. Movements of the small intestine. Intrinsic innervation of the intestine. Endoluminal pressure regimens. Movements of the villi. Myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms of intestinal movements. Extrinsic innervation of the intestine. Visceral reflexes. Motility of the colon. Defecation. Functional tests of the digestive tract: collection of pure gastric juice; endoscopy; recording of motor activity. Gastrointestinal hormones.
- Liver. The functional unit of the liver. Arterial and portal hepatic circulation. Oxygen consumption. Overview of the main functions of the liver. Liver intervention in hematopoiesis and blood coagulation. Biligoesis and biliary excretion. Hepatic bile and cystic bile. The entero-hepatobiliary circulation. Process of degradation of hemoglobin: Jaundice and its various forms. Complete or partial removal of the liver. The process of hepatic regeneration. Detoxifying and protective action of the liver. Hepatic insufficiency and its consequences.
- Metabolism. Chemical transformation: liberation and transport of energy. Mechanisms of biological oxidation. Carbohydrate metabolism: food carbohydrates, intermediate carbohydrate metabolism and blood glucose regulation. Lipid metabolism: lipid chemistry, digestion of neutral fats, fat absorption, lipoemia, fat fate after absorption, liver-lipid metabolism ratio, lipotropic factors and hepatic steatosis, liver-ketogenesis, integration of metabolism of lipids with that of carbohydrates. Protein metabolism: protein digestion, amino acid pool, examples of amino acid utilization, nitrogenous equilibrium, specific metabolic roles of amino acids, exogenous and endogenous metabolism. Metabolism of nucleic acids. Metabolic actions of thyroid hormones, parathyroid glands, endocrine pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal glands and gonads. Basic metabolism.
-Nutrition. Principles of dietetics. Energy requirements. Composition of the normal diet. Food requirements in particular conditions (pregnancy, lactation, infancy, senescence, etc.). Mechanisms of hunger and satiety.

PH regulation
PH control in intracellular and extracellular fluids, buffer systems, alterations in acid-base balance and compensation mechanisms.


thermoregulation
Regulation of body temperature in humans, physiological and pathological changes in body temperature, thermal balance, thermogenesis, heat dispersion, temperature regulation, heat and cold response mechanisms.


Adaptations
- Adaptations to physical exercise: body responses to physical exercise (cardiovascular, respiratory, plasmatic, muscular responses), diseases induced by inactivity.
- High altitude adaptations: body responses to altitude, altitude sickness.
- Adaptations under water: Physiopathology of hyperbaric gases, hyperbaric syndromes.
- Effects of microgravity



Textbook Information

FISIOLOGIA UMANA

Autori: Grassi - Negrini - Porro
Editore: Poletto Editore
Anno: Ottobre 2015
Pagine: 960 - Immagini: 1200 - Volume Unico




Open in PDF format Versione in italiano