The biological molecules: Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acid. Origin of life. Animal features. Procariota and Eucariota cell. Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Metazoi. Mitosis and Meiosis. Asexual and sexual reproduction. The biological evolution, Lamark, Darwin, the natural selection. The origin of the species.
Transmission Genetics: principles from Mendel; genotype and phenotype. Relations between the alleles: complete and incomplete dominance, co-dominance and recessivity. Multiple alleles. The Epistasis. The Chromosomal basis of Heredity. Mitosis: chromosome configuration at different stages of cell cycle. Meiosis: random assortment of chromosomes, crossing-over and gametes formation. Haploidy and diploidy. The Chromosomal theory of heredity: the Morgan experiments. Gene linkage and genetic mapping . The frequency of recombination and the degree of linkage. Probability and statistics to analyze the transmission of Mendelian traits. Expected and observed number in genetic experiments: The chi-square test. The pedigree analysis in the study of inherited traits.
Population Genetics: allele and genotype frequencies. Mendelian populations and Hardy-Weinberg principle for loci with two alleles. Genetic variability and mutations, mechanisms of variation in the genetic structure of populations (outline).
Identification of DNA as molecule of Heredity: Griffith, Avery-McLeod-MacCarty, Hershey and Chase experiments. The structure of DNA and RNA molecules. Complementarity between the base pairs in DNA molecules. The semiconservative DNA replication, general features of DNA replication. Characteristics of the virus, prokaryotes and eukaryotes genomes. Organization of Eukaryotic chromosomes. The human karyotype: main methods to preparation and analysis. The expression of DNA. Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes. The gene expression. The untranslated genes: the ribosomal and transfer RNAs. The property of the genetic code and the biosynthesis of protein. Analysis of DNA polymorphisms.
Mutations in somatic and germ cells. Molecular basis of mutations: spontaneous mutations and mistakes in DNA replication. Mutagenic environmental factors: physical, chemical and biological agents. Genetic mutations: definition and phenotypic effects. Mutations in the number and in the structure of the chromosome.
1 - Solomon B.G.- Fondamenti di Biologia. Ed. Edises2- Dorit, Walker e Barnes – Zoologia. Ed. Zanichelli3 - Miller S.A. e Harley J.P. – Zoologia. Parte generale. Ed. Idelson Gnocchi4-W.K. Purves, D. Sadana, G.H. Orians e H. Craig Heller - Biologia: La Cellula. Ed. Zanichelli.5- Hickman.C.P., Roberts S.L. e Larson A.- Fondamenti di Zoologia
1- Russel. GENETICA. UN APPROCCIO MOLECOLARE Pearson Italia, Milano. Terza Edizione 2- Griffiths e altri. GENETICA: PRINCIPI DI ANALISI FORMALE. Zanichelli, Bologna. Settima Edizione 3- Hartl & Jones. GENETICA: FONDAMENTI. Idelson-Gnocchi Editore. Napoli. |
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