The educational objectives are directed to the understanding and application of the methods relating to the recognition of the various sounds in the sea, the ability to distinguish sounds of different marine species, and the ability to exploit this knowledge for the development of environmental protection issues; this requires passive acoustic monitoring concepts, analysis and distinction of the various sounds in the sea, knowledge of the various water chemical physical parameters of the sea. The concepts learned can also be used in the analysis of sounds of terrestrial origin that of geophysical interest.
The module is aimed at understanding and application of data analysis methods from observations, measurements, cataloging the various elements contributing to the definition of biodiversity, as well as provide the basis of numerical analysis in various disciplines of the course.
Knowledge provided by the basic disciplines of the first degree, Institutions of Mathematics and Physics, is required
1 - The sea
The physico-chemical parameters, salinity, temperature, light transmission, nutrients. The thermocline. Currents, Coriolis forces, winds and currents, tides. The Mediterranean. Abyssal acoustic detectors
2 - the sound
Wave equation, velocity and propagation, pressure waves, units of measure.
3 - sound propagation
Basic principles, reflections on the surface and on the bottom, refraction, absorption. Outline of Fourier Analysis
4 - sea sounds
Noise sources, effect of rain, the wind; sound produced by ships
5 - bioacustics
Classification of sounds made by cetaceans; echolocation and tracking; a few techiniques of sound analysis. Methods of detection, localization and tracking
6 - Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM)
Acquisition of acoustic information, analysis of the behavior of cetaceans, protecting the environment, habitat analysis
1 – Measure
Measurement meaning - units - reading and measurement sensitivity - types of data - concepts of population (or universe) and sample - sampling planning.
2 - Data representation
Tables - Significant items - rounding - graphics - interpolations and extrapolations - linear and logarithmic scales.
3 – Errors
random and systematic errors - absolute error and relative error - direct and indirect measurements - estimation error for an indirect measure - error propagation.
4 - Indicators of center and variation
Estimating the value of a quantity - the arithmetic mean and weighted mean - median - mode – deviation from the mean - the variance - standard deviation of a measure - the standard deviation of the mean
5 -Double Variable
Correlation and type of correlation - causation and causality - double entry table - marginal frequencies.
6 - Least Squares
Linear regression - least squares method - correlation coefficient - correlation and covariance - Multiple regression - non-linear correlations.
7 – Probability and probability distributions
Events - independent events and related events - conditioned events - binomial distribution, Poisson, normal or Gauss - distributions parameters.
8 - Statistical hypotheses
Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis - significance - confidence interval - hypothesis testing - errors of 1 ° and 2 ° species - parametric tests: Student's t, chi-square, ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer tests q - non-parametric tests: sign test, signed-rank test, rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test.
9 – Multivariate analysis
Overview of matrix calculus – overviews of: principal component analysis - discriminant analysis - agglomerations Analysis - factor analysis
1 - Passive acoustic Monitoring of cetaceans – Walter M.X. Zimmer – Cambridge University press 2011
2. Whitlow W. L. Au, Mardi C. Hastings: Principles of Marine Bioacoustics, Springer
3 - Bioacoustic approaches in biodiversity inventories - Obrist M.K., Pavan G., Sueur J., Riede K., Llusia D. & Márquez R.
Students are free to use any book may be more suitable
1.G. Norman, D Strainer: Biostatistica, quello che avreste voluto sapere …, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
2. M.M. Triola, M.F. Triola: Statistica per le discipline biosanitarie, ed Pearson Addison Wesley
3. AA.VV: Quesiti di Statistica, Maggioli editore
Students are free to use any other text they consider more convenient