The goal of the module is to offer to the student to learn the most important chemical principles by balancing theoretical concepts and numeric applications in order to prepare a geologist to be able to understand all the subjects where the chemistry is an introductory course.
Goal of the module is to offer to the student the elemetary bases of Organic Chemistry
Introduction to atomic and molecular theory: atomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons. Elements of nuclear structure: atomic number and mass number, isotopes, mass defect and atomic weight; radioactivity; molecular weight , the concept of a gram atom , gram ion and mole. Nature of light , Bohr atom and spectra of the hydrogen atom and of hydrogen-like atoms; limits of the Bohr atom model, particles and waves, orbitals and the structure of the hydrogen atom , polielectronic atoms, periodic table and periodic properties; chemical bonding, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, polar molecules, molecular orbital theory, homo-and heteropolar diatomic molecules, hybridization of orbitals and VSEPR theory for molecular geometries. The gaseous state: gas laws, the ideal gas equation, molar volume, density of gases, the law of diffusion of gases, real gases and their behaviour, van der Waals equation for real gases, critical parameters. Crystalline solids , compact structures, lattice covalent molecular solids, ionic lattices. Glassy solid. The liquid state and solution: intermolecular forces, vapour pressure of the liquid and the boiling temperature, concentration of solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties of solutions, cryoscopy and raising ebullioscopy, osmosis and calculation of the osmotic pressure; phase rule, diagrams of water and carbon dioxide. Elements of thermodynamics and thermochemistry: state variables, the first law of thermodynamics , molar heat capacity , measurement of heat , enthalpy and Hess ' Law , II law of thermodynamics , entropy , Gibbs free energy and the law , the relationship between the free energy and the equilibrium constant , spontaneity of the processes. Chemical equilibrium : dynamic equilibrium of a reaction , the equilibrium constant and its meaning, reaction quotient and pattern of reactions, influence of concentration , pressure and temperature on chemical equilibrium , law of Le Chatellier. Chemical kinetics : speed of a chemical reaction , order of reaction , reaction mechanisms, activation energy and Arrhenius equation , catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts . Electrochemical conductivity of aqueous solutions , batteries and standard potentials of half cells , use of standard potentials for the prediction of a redox reaction, Nernst equation, electrolysis, Faraday's laws . Inorganic elements of the sp groups : natural occurrence , preparation of the elements and their chemical properties , binary and ternary compounds .
Elements of organic chemistry: saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes). Aromatic hydrocarbons. Nomenclature. Alkyl halides, alcohols and phenols, ethers, amines, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, anhydrides.
Masterton & Hurley; Chimica Principi e reazioni, Piccin
Kotz, Treishel, Weaver, Chimica, EDISES
Masterton & Hurley; Chimica Principi e reazioni, Piccin
Kotz, Treishel, Weaver, Chimica, EDISES