Università degli Studi di Catania

Familiar, physiological, proximal and remote pathological anamnesis.
General objective examination: sensory, decubitus, facies, skin characters (complexion, elemental lesions of the skin, piliferous system and nails).
Skin temperature. Fever (febrile fever, continuous, remitting, intermittent, recurrent, undulating fever). Dermographism, allergy skin reactions. State of visible mucous membranes and of the tongue. Edema from stasis, discrasic, inflammatory, angioneurotic. Collateral circles.
Superficial lymphoglandular swelling.
Constitution, conformation of the skeleton.
Blood count examination. VES, antistreptolysin titre, C reactive protein. Semeiotics of anemias. Semeiotics of leukemia (acute and chronic) and plasmacytoma. Semeiotics of bleeding disorders due to coagulation defects (haemophilic syndromes, prothrombin deficiency and fibrinogen deficiency). Semeiotics of hemorrhagic diseases due to thrombocytopenia (M. Werlhof) and vascular defects (secondary constitutional microvasculopathies). Semeiotics of sarcoidosis, M. of Hodgkin, Lymph and reticulosarcomas. Semeiotics of splenomegaly.
Chest inspection: topographic division of the thorax. Cough, sputum, hemoptysis, chest pains. Types of breath. Dyspnoea (inspiratory, expiratory, stress, accessional, continuous).
Chest palpation: expansibility, identification of pain points, FVT and its physiological and pathological variants.
Chest percussion: technique of comparative delimiting percussion. Projection of pulmonary borders. Delimitation of the pulmonary apices, of the inferior and anterior margins, of Traube. Modification of lung margins and their respiratory displacement. Hyperphonetic, tympanic, metallic sound (emphysema, pneumothorax, caverns), hypophonic and obtuse from pulmonary causes (atelectasis, pneumonia, infarction, edema, inflammatory and neoplastic infiltrations, liquid filled cavity, hypophonic or obtuse pleural sound (pleurisy, hydrothorax) , hydro-pneumothorax, pleural thickening).
Chest auscultation: vescicular murmur (strengthening, weakening), bronchial breath (pulmonary thickening, pleural effusions, caverns). Broncho-pulmonary noises (dry and humid, pulmonary crackling), pleural and pleuro-pulmonary noises.
Non-radiological respiratory functional seismology: respiratory index, spirometry - total lung capacity and its fractions - pleural puncture and examination of pleural fluids.
Inspection and palpation of the precordial region: drafts, fish, abnormal pulsations, thrills. Hague of relative dullness of the heart and delimitation technique; hepatocardial angle, longitudinal and transverse diameter; enlargements of cardiac atria from hypertrophy and from pericardial effusions.
Heart auscultation outbreaks. Cardiac tones (I, II, III and IV). Weakening, strengthening and doubling of tones. Endocardial noise. Heart murmurs. Systolic and diastolic noises. Pericardial rubbing.
Inspection, palpation and auscultation of the arteries and veins.
ECG. Atrial, junctional (nodal) and ventricular extrasistolia. Fibrillation and atrial flutter. Paroxysmal tachycardia.
ECG. A-V blocks, branch blocks. diaphragmatic myocardial infarction (posterior, anterior, anterior-septal, anterolateral).
Measurement methods for arterial and venous blood pressure.
Anorexia, bulimia, heartburn, belching, regurgitation, dysphagia, vomiting, hematemesis, diarrhea, melena, constipation, feces.
Abdomen inspection: topographic division of the abdomen. Abdominal pain. Volume and strength of the abdomen, state of the navel, peristaltic movements, collateral venous circles of the abdominal wall.
Abdomen palpation: technique, research of the flow, of the ballot; painful points of the abdomen. Liver palpation: margin, surface, consistency and pain. Sign of Courvoisier-Terrier.
Spleen and pancreas palpation.
Abdomen percussion: liver, spleen, stomach, abdominal spills
Abdomen auscultation: gurgle, borborigmi, noises from stenosis, Koenig's syndrome, rubs, esophageal noises.
Stool examination: macroscopic characters, smell, reaction, occult blood research; microscopic examination: research of food residues (fats, starches, flesh and vegetable fibers), mucus, leukocytes; search for protozoan parasites (amoebas, lambia, tricomonas) and helminth eggs.
Liver function tests: serum-protein pattern, bilirubinemia and its fractions, alkaline phosphatase, transaminase.
Kidney palpation: bimanual palpation, search for ballot. Bladder globe.
Urine analysis
Bio-humoral parameters: Azotemia, creatininemia. eFGR (Cockroft-Gault formula, CKD-EPI, MDRD).
Thyroid semeiotic: hyper and hypothyroidism; basal metabolism, thyroid scintigraphy.
Pituitary insufficiency syndrome (M. of Simmonds, M. of Fröhlich and adipose-genital dystrophy, dwarfism and hypophyseal infantilism).
Pituitary hyperfunction syndrome (acromegaly and gigantism).
Insipid diabetes
Addison's disease, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, hypogonadism.
OGTT , Hyperglycemic and hypoglycaemic coma. Gout.
Dyslipidemia
Differential diagnosis of the coma (diabetic, hypoglycemic, uremic, hepatic, cerebral)
Neurological examination
Examination of the physiological reflex, pathological pupillary
Stroke

FISIOPATOLOGIA, SEMEIOTICA E METODOLOGIA CLINICA - channel 8

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